The Rudis The Symbol of a Roman Gladiators Freedom

A rudis (plural rudes) was a wooden sword or rod, which was used in Roman gladiator training both against the palus (a post) and for mock combats between sparring partners. It was also given, along with palm branches, to the winner of a gladiatorial battle. Gladiators as Slaves Gladiators were slaves who performed a ritual battle between life and death for the attending Romans. The code of the gladiator was to defeat ones opponent without inflicting serious injury. The owner/judge of the games, called the munerarius or editor, expected gladiators to fight properly and according to established rules. There was a risk of death in combat to be sure, from a fatal cut or stab-wound, by loss of blood, or resulting infection. Animals were hunted and killed and some people were executed in the arena. But most of the time, the gladiators were men confronting and overcoming the threat of death through bravery, skill, and martial excellence. Freedom for the Gladiator When a Roman gladiator won a battle, he received palm branches for the victory and the rudis as a gesture symbolic of his freedom from slavery. The Roman poet Martial wrote of a circumstance in which two gladiators named Verus and Priscus fought to a stalemate, and both received rudes  and palms as a reward for their bravery and skill. With his token rudis, the newly liberated gladiator could begin a new career, perhaps as a trainer of future fighters at a gladiatorial school called a ludus, or perhaps serving as referees during gladiatorial combats. Sometimes retired gladiators, called rudiarii, would return for a final fight. For example, the Roman emperor Tiberius put on celebratory games in honor of his grandfather, Drusus, at which he induced some retired gladiators to appear by paying each of them a hundred thousand sesterces. Summa Rudis The most elite of the retired gladiators were dubbed  summa rudis. The summa rudis officials wore white tunics with purple borders (clavi),and served as technical experts to ensure that the gladiators fought bravely, skillfully, and according to the rules. They carried batons and whips with which they pointed out illegal movements. Ultimately the summa rudis officials could stop a game if a gladiator was going to be too seriously wounded, compel gladiators to fight on, or defer the decision to the editor. Retired gladiators who became summa rudis evidently achieved fame and wealth in their second careers as officials of the combats. According to an inscription in Ankara, Turkey, a summa rudis named Aelius was one of a group of famous ex-gladiators awarded citizenship from several Greek towns. Another inscription from Dalmatia praises Thelonicus, who while a  retiarius  was freed with the rudis by the generosity of the people. The Roman writers Cicero and Tacitus both used the wooden sword rudis as a metaphor when comparing oratory in the Senate versus what they considered lesser or practice oratory as a speaker using rudes rather than iron swords. Sources Carter M. 2009. Accepi ramum: Gladiatorial Palms and the Chavagnes Gladiator Cup. Latomus 68(2):438-441. Carter MJ. 2006. Buttons and Wooden Swords: Polybius 10.20.3, Livy 26.51, and the Rudis. Classical Philology 101(2):153-160.Carter MJ. 2006. Gladiatorial Combat: The Rules of Engagement. The Classical Journal 102(2):97-114.Carter MJ. 2011. Blown Call? Diodorus and the Treacherous Summa Rudis. Zeitschrift fà ¼r Papyrologie und Epigraphik 177:63-69.Reid HL. 2006. Was the Roman Gladiator an Athlete? Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 33(1):37-49.

Socrates and the Apology - 1136 Words

Some of the best sources of information about Socrates philosophical views are the early dialogues of his student Plato, who tried to provide a faithful picture of the methods and teachings of the great master. The Apology is one of the many-recorded dialogues about Socrates. It is about how Socrates was arrested and charged with corrupting the youth, believing in no god(s) (Atheism) and for being a Sophist. He attended his trial and put up a good argument. I believe that Socrates was wrongfully accused and should not have been sentenced to death. Within the duration of this document, I will be discussing the charges laid against Socrates and how he attempted to refute the charges. br brOne of the reasons why Socrates was arrested was†¦show more content†¦He suggests that he should receive maintenance at Athens expense. Socrates argues against banishment from Athens and states that he will only continue to practice philosophy and annoy people elsewhere. Socrates claims that the verdict reflects his own refusal to agree sophistically. Weep and wail and say unworthy things. It is unworthy to be sevile to escape danger. Socrates then claims that vengeance shall fall upon his executioners. He claimed that instead of executing a critic, the verdict will only make more critics and thus the opposite result will be achieved. His final message was to not stifle criticism and to make themselves as manly as they are. Socrates then comforts those who voted for aquital by suggesting death a blessing. Socrates then states that death is either an eternal dreamless sleep or a migration of the soul from this place to another. Socrates of course states that maybe he will s pend his time examining his ideas of his fellow intellectuals. Socrates then claims that nothing can harm a good man. br brPersonally I feel that Socrates defense was excellent. He proves that he is an intelligent man and that he is capable of thinking and speaking for himself. I feel that he was tried unfairly and that maybe the only reason why he was even arrested in the first place was because Meletus was angry that Socrates made him look and feel like a fool. I think that he was arrested because Meletus is a head strong, narrowShow MoreRelatedApology On Apology Of Socrates852 Words   |  4 PagesMarch 2, 2017 Apology of Socrates Socrates was a Greek philosopher and the founder of western philosophy. Plato was the student of Socrates who was very motivated by the life and teaching of Socrates. Plato was also one of the greatest Philosopher of ancient Greece. Apology is the actual recorded speech of Socrates by Plato, which was delivered at the trail to defend himself. Many people did not agree with Socrates, so they made several charges against him, which is recorded in the Apology. Some ofRead MoreSocrates And The Apology Of Socrates1322 Words   |  6 Pages Socrates is quite the unique individual compared to most, if not all, other Greeks at that time. 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Plato’s ApologyRead MoreApology of Socrates Summart924 Words   |  4 PagesSummary Platos The Apology is an account of the speech Socrates makes at the trial in which he is charged with not recognizing the gods recognized by the state, inventing new deities, and corrupting the youth of Athens. Socrates speech, however, is by no means an apology in our modern understanding of the word. The name of the dialogue derives from the Greek apologia, which translates as a defense, or a speech made in defense. Thus, in The Apology, Socrates attempts to defend himself andRead MoreSocrates in Apology and Crito1045 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The irreverent, disobedient Socrates of the Apology is inconsistent with the Socrates of the Crito.† Construct an argument supporting or refuting this claim. Be sure to incorporate textual evidence. In Plato’s Apology, Socrates comes off as a defiant and disobedient man with little respect for his accusers and even for the jurors on whom his fate depends. 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Socrates faces death with excitement because in his eyes to die is to practice perfect philosophy. This comes from his Argument of Opposites and the

Report on Human Resources Management Practices of the Burberry Group Essay Example For Students

Report on Human Resources Management Practices of the Burberry Group Essay Burberry group is a prima luxury fabricating company in UK. Burberry group established in 1856 and late it celebrated its 150 old ages in history. In this twelvemonth it announced the closing of its Welsh mill. A PESTEL analysis is conducted to measure the external environment of China. It assists the house to run the concern in host state. SWOT analysis besides plays an of import function to happen out the company objectives and identifies the internal and external factors that are favourable and unfavourable to accomplish that aim. For the entry in the market of China and enlisting of managerial degree employee, company uses the geocentric attack. This attack helps to happen the best and see employee for the company. Outline1 Table of Contentss2 Introduction3 PESTEL Analysis4 Political:5 Economic:6 Sociable:7 Technology:8 Environment:9 Legal:10 SWOT Analysis11 Strengths:12 Failings:13 Opportunities:14 Menaces:15 Key Issues16 Sourcing Scheme:17 Equal Opportunity:18 Trade Union:19 Supply Chain:20 Advantages of Factory Move:21 Disadvantage of Factory Move:22 IHRM Approach23 Geocentric Approach:24 Recommendations25 Action Plan26 Clarify Goals:27 Recruitment:28 Coaching the Employees:29 Motivation and Performance Appraisal:30 Employee Satisfaction and Feedback:31 Decision Table of Contentss Executive Summery 2 Table of Contentss 3 Introduction 5 PESTEL Analysis 5 Political: 5 Economic: 5 Social: 5 Technology: 6 Environment: 6 Legal: 6 SWOT Analysis 6 Strengths: 6 Failings: 7 Opportunities: 7 Menaces: 7 Key Issues 7 Sourcing Scheme: 7 Equal Opportunity: 7 Trade Union: 8 Supply Chain: 8 Advantages of Factory Move: 8 Disadvantage of Factory Move: 8 IHRM Approach 8 Geocentric Approach: 8 Recommendations 9 Action Plan 10 Clarify Goals: 10 Recruitment: 10 Coaching the Employees: 10 Motivation and Performance Appraisal: 10 Employee Satisfaction and Feedback: 11 Decision 11 Mentions 12 Introduction Burberry is a taking and luxury trade name name in UK, trades with the different trade names that attack adult females, work forces and childs. Burberry was established in 1856 in England and celebrated its 150 old ages in fabricating the life style merchandises and its accoutrements for adult females, work forces and for the childs. Burberry has about 260 straight operated shops. Addition, the besides sold its merchandises through grant with a broad web of 71 third-party operated retail locations and sweeping clients. All the jobbers of the house are taking prestige retail merchants. At the terminal of financial twelvemonth 2006, the company generated ?743 million gross. This gross generated by the company from Europe, Japan, North America and from Asia ( Burberry, 2010 ) . PESTEL Analysis The PESTEL analysis of China and UK are as follows: Political: China is governed by the Communist party. The Communist party is non back up the foreign participants in domestic market. Some political determinations, revenue enhancements, policies are non back up the environment of concern. Equally good as in the UK, authorities has a major impact on concerns. The political party provides the best supportive substructure to the companies ( Cardinal Intelligence Agency, 2010 ) . Economic: Economic status is good in China. It shows changeless growing rate in GDP with 7 to 8 Percentages every twelvemonth. GDP per capita income is besides shows the growing at US $ 6,100 in 2008 and US $ 6,600 in 2009. UK is one of the most powerful economic systems in the universe with a gross national per capita income of US $ 41,520 in 2009 ( Gross National Income Per Capita, 2009 ) . Sociable: China is a civilization with high power distance, reflecting that there is a big difference between consumers societal position. Language barriers are one of the challenges when western companies entered in Chinese market. In UK, societal position of consumers is high and uses the luxury merchandises for the societal position symbol ( Central Intelligence Agency, 2010 ) . Technology: China has become one of the powerful states in inventions and engineerings. China s 60 per centums of engineerings including atomic energy, infinite, high- energy natural philosophies and biological science, computing machine and information engineering have reached or are close to the universe s progress degree. UK is a develop state in the universe. UK houses are at or near the head in engineering progresss, particularly in aerospace and military equipment. In UK, cyberspace users are increase with the population of 48.755 million and the cyberspace hosts are 7.03 million in 2010 ( Central Intelligence Agency, 2010 ) . Environment: China faces the environmental jobs like H2O deficits, H2O pollution from untreated wastes, and loss of one 5th agribusiness land since 1949 due to dirty eroding and economic development ( Cardinal Intelligence Agency, 2010 ) . UK seeking to cut down its nursery gas emanations and authorities besides seeking to cut down the sum of industrial and commercial waste ( Cardinal Intelligence Agency, 2010 ) . Legal: China governed by one Communist party so, the companies in China lawfully bounded with the jurisprudence of China and work harmonizing to the jurisprudence. But in recent old ages in UK, there have been many significance legal alterations that affected steadfast behaviour like debut of age favoritism and disablement favoritism statute law, an addition in the minimal rewards. Socrates, Aristotle, Galen EssayChina is a communist state so, most of the big foreign company, particularly multi-national companies operate its concern with the association of china authorities spouses. In this attack company can confront the deduction of transverse civilization struggle and control. In an analysis of high executing companies with the transnational direction squads proved that civilization difference gives the advantages of concern. There is grounds Wei ( 2001 ) that this civilization difference might even lend to a competitory advantage by supplying a broader scope of positions for pull offing the company within such complex economic and cultural system. Recommendations On the analysis of China HRM and the market place of the company, it is recommended that the company should carry on a market analysis in the China. It can be helpful to understand about the rivals in the market. Harmonizing to Wei ( 2001 ) in order to come in in the Chinese market, company should utilize the joint venture scheme with Chinese luxury merchandise industries. It would be helpful in the growing of the house in Chinese market. There is grounds in instance that Burberry group has worldwide web of licensed straight operated shops, grants, 3rd party operated retail location and a web of sweeping clients. This would be helpful to growing in market portion of China. Harmonizing to Courtis, Ratcliffe A ; Allsop ( 2006 ) China is a figure one in population in the universe so, the labour easy available at less cost for the production. It would be helpful to bring forth the merchandises at cost efficiency. That will be helpful to increase in market portion and competitory advantage. In China, company should come in with the joint venture with other company ; this can be helpful to derive managerial advantage in the market because the employees of other company and direction know about the civilization and linguistic communication of the state. They have a deep cognition about the market and state of affairss, it would be helpful to turn in the market and increase in market portion. Action Plan The Burberry group PLC makes the action program to pull off the people facets in both Wales and China are as follows: Clarify Goals: To pull off the people facets of this job, HR manager should specify the company ends to all the employees in the organisation. It will be helpful to understand about the mission and vision of the company. By the clarify ends, employees will be motivate to make work with efficaciously and efficiency ( Bratton, A ; Gold, 2001 ) . Recruitment: The HR manager should enroll the most skilled and motivated employees for the organisation. The employees should hold the cognition of their field every bit good as functions and duties. The full procedure of enlisting is monitored by the human resource director. Coaching the Employees: Training of the employees is another map of the HR manager. By the preparation, an employee can pass on and develop strong dealingss with the other people. Training provides the cognition about the organisation. It defines the company s long term vision and mission. Motivation and Performance Appraisal: By the motive an employee can give the best public presentation in the company. A human resource manager should form a session and lectures that maintain the employee update about the competition in the market ( Bamberger A ; Meshoulam, 2000 ) . Performance assessment and compensation is besides one of the chief duties of the HR manager. Employee Satisfaction and Feedback: A HR manager should supply the installations to the employees for actuating. It should be in term of pecuniary and other standards. HR manager should take the feedback from the different sections about the employees ( Courtis, Ratcliffe A ; Allsop, 2006 ) . HR manager should understand the feedback of the workers and this lead to a well-organized direction of the workers. Decision From the above treatment, it can be concluded that Burberry group Plc is a taking company in fabricating the luxury merchandises for adult females, work forces and childs. Its corporate direction scheme involves selling high quality merchandises at lower cost to the clients. Company operates its concern through licensed retail web and has a good chance to use this web in other states. Company gives god working environment to employees through corporate societal duty commission. Burberry group is traveling to redesign its supply concatenation web and sourcing scheme for deriving the competitory advantages from the market. It can be concluded that company decides to cloture its mill in the other state to derive the planetary competitory advantages and bring forth the low cost merchandises. For this, company should unify with other planetary based company and unfastened new shops in state.